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Boats with Two Strings

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Boats

Most Filipinos know the word “kudyapì”… but what does it mean? It’s a musical instrument with two strings and a long narrow body that reminds of a boat. These so-called boat lutes come in many different sizes and designs, depending on the ethnic group using them. They are all carved out of one solid block of wood. The body is hollowed out from the back and covered with a wooden board. The frets are usually made out of pieces of wood or bamboo and glued to the neck and body by means of beeswax. In most tribal traditions, the lutes are merely played as solo instruments, in others, they are combined with bamboo zithers. That’s the Philippine boat lute! The symbolic meaning of the instruments, however, does not refer to boats, but, first of all, to animals: crocodiles, monitor lizards, horses, roosters and herons. It can also refer to the human body and to specific carved designs that can be found on royal houses. But the story is a little bit more complicated. In former times, crocodiles used to be considered the ancestors of humans. Deceased people were often buried in boat-shaped coffins, because boats symbolized the transition from the material to the spiritual world. And many of these boat-coffins were ornamented with carvings of crocodiles or lizards. In this sense, the crocodile-shaped boat lutes also seem to represent ancestors on their way to heaven. ​​In the Philippines, boat lutes, nowadays, are exclusively played on the islands of Mindanao and Palawan, among at least 37 different ethnic groups, for example, big instruments by the Islamic Maranao, Maguindanaon, Talaandig and Higaonon (kutiyapi), medium-sized lutes by several Manobo and Bagobo groups, like Matigsalug, Ata and Bagobo Tagabawa (kuglung), and smaller instruments by the Tboli (hegelung), Blaan (faglung), Mandaya and Mansaka (kudlung), Tëduray (fegereng), Subanen (kutapi), and others. On the island of Palawan, they are mainly played by the Pala’wan people (kusyapi, kudlungan). There is no proof for the claim made by some scholars that, in former times, boat lutes could be found all over the Philippines. It is true, however, that they were used on the islands of Panay and Samar-Leyte, during the Spanish colonial times, as reported by Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina in 1668. Nevertheless, the term “kudyapì” is also used in the northern and central Philippines where it seems to refer to small lutes with a resonating body made from half a coconut shell and with 4-6 strings – totally different from the boat lutes. The origins of boat lutes lie in India. From there, certain construction features as well the instruments’ names (most of them deriving from Sanskrit “kacchapa,” “turtle”) first found their way to mainland Southeast Asia where they developed into the crocodile zithers of Burma, Kampuchea and Thailand. From there, they spread to insular Southeast Asia, to Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sumba, Borneo and the Philippines, where they developed into an impressive diversity of lute and zither instruments. The first time I saw a picture of a Maranao kutiyapì was in 1975, when I wrote a term paper on the musical instruments of the Philippines for my course in ethnomusicology at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. This inspired me to go on my first research trip to the Philippines, in winter 1976-77. During my early field trips, I was only able to document a handful of boat lute players of the Talaandig, Higaonon and Tigwa Manobo tribes and, therefore, focused on their musical culture, in general. Despite my many efforts, I was never able to find a Maranao kutiyapì player. This is especially amazing because the kutiyapì of the Maranao is clearly the most attractive of all Philippine boat lutes, with its abundance of intricate carvings and colorful painted designs. In Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon, I had two piyapì of the Higaonon made for me, but I never found anybody who was able to play them. The boat lute tradition of the Batak of Palawan is also gone forever. These musical traditions have disappeared, hardly leaving a trace. However, when I visited the Tigwa Manobo of southeastern Bukidnon, I found a rich and vital boat lute culture. This made me decide to focus on the study of Philippine boat lutes, in the years to come. From 1997 on, I systematically tried to visit all the places in Mindanao and Palawan where boat lute music was still practiced. All in all, I collected 57 boat lutes from the Philippines. Just recently, I made my latest acquisition, a very big and beautifully decorated kutiyapì of the Maguindanaon that was made around the year 1900. But I also documented many instruments in private collections and museums, in the Philippines, USA, France, Austria and Germany, many of them from the early 1900s. It is needless to say that I had many remarkable encounters with interesting people and amazing musicians. In 1997, when I visited Cotabato City, I met the famous Maguindanaon kutiyapì virtuoso Samaon Solaiman (2011) who had been awarded the prestigious GAMABA (“Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan,” “Living National Treasure Award”). Another GAMABA awardee that was Masino Intaray (2013), the highly praised epic singer of the Pala’wan people who played the huge boat lute kusyapì for me. One of my most interesting research experiences was the documentation of Tasaday lute music in 2004. The Tasaday had been popularized as the alleged last survivors of a stone age people living in the mountains of South Cotabato. Many people have denounced them as a fabricated fake tribe. But, beyond any doubt, they speak a distinct Cotabato Manobo language, different from all other languages spoken in their neighborhood. And Degu Bilangan, a young Tasaday man of 28 years, was one of the best boat lute players that I have ever heard and recorded. Presently, I’m working on a book with the title “The Singing Crocodile – Boat Lutes of the Philippines.” This handbook will discuss all the important aspects of Philippine boat lutes: historical sources from the Spanish colonial times, the process of making an instrument, the terminology in the indigenous languages, a typology of the instruments based on the detailed descriptions of 253 instruments, explanations about the symbolic meaning of the lutes, performing practices, playing techniques and combinations of lutes with other instruments. When, in 1993, the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCCA) honored Samaon Sulaiman with the GAMABA award, this had a strong impact on creating a new, nationwide interest in the traditional boat lutes. Performances of boat lute masters are now featured in all major folk festivals, for example, during the 3rd Rondalla Festival “Cuerdas sa Pagkakaysa” (2011). There are now also many neo-ethnic bands, mostly in the urban areas of the Philippines, using boat lutes that are usually accompanied by several African-style djembe drums. In 2015, I came to know Arjho Cariño Turner, a Blaan cultural advocate. Together, we set up a Facebook advocacy page called “Boat Lutes of the Philippines.” This website now has an international following of more than 5,000 people, ranging from academics, musicians, artists and cultural workers to cultural enthusiasts. For more information on the Philippine boat lutes, visit the following websites: Publications for free downloading: https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/HansBrandeis Community page for boat lute lovers: https://www.facebook.com/boatlutesphilippines/

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Back-to-School Checklist: Where a Kids Smartwatch Fits

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Kids Smartwatch

Every August, parents build the same list. Backpack. Lunchbox. Shoes. Water bottle. Pencils. The back to school checklist hasn’t changed in twenty years, except for one item that keeps moving up: a kids smart watch, like the myFirst Fone S4.

A few years back, this item wouldn’t have made the top ten. Now it sits between the backpack and the lunchbox, because the stretch of the day where no adult has eyes on your kid hasn’t shrunk: the walk home, the bus ride, the twenty minutes between the school door and yours. A children’s smart watch covers that stretch without handing your kid a phone.

Think of this less as a pitch and more as a checklist: where the smartwatch actually fits, what to set up before day one, and which back to school tips matter once your kid is wearing one.

How to Prepare for Back to School with a Kids Smartwatch

Setup happens before the first day, not on it. Trying to configure contacts and geofencing on the morning-of is a recipe for a frustrated kid and a half-working watch. Spend an hour the week before.

Contacts first. Open the myFirst Circle app and add every adult your kid might need to reach: you, your co-parent, grandparents, the after-school program director. The myFirst Fone S4 only calls contacts you approve. Add them now so your kid never discovers a gap at the wrong moment.

Geofence second. Draw two zones: home and school. The best gps watch for kids lets you set a radius and get a notification the moment your kid enters or leaves it. You will know your kid arrived at school without a phone call. You will know your kid left school without a text.

Class Mode third. Align the watch’s silent hours with the school schedule. The myFirst Fone S4 has Class Mode, which mutes notifications during class and lifts them during lunch and dismissal. Set it up now so the watch doesn’t buzz during a math test in week one.

Back to School Tips for Parents: The First Week

The first week is when you find out what you forgot. Here’re the three things parents call for the most in week one.

The bus is late. Your kid is standing at the stop and the bus is twelve minutes behind schedule. A kids smart watch with calling means your kid calls you, you check the bus tracker, and your kid knows it is coming. No panic. No stranger’s phone was borrowed.

The pickup plan changes. Rain. A meeting ran long. Traffic. Your kid needs to know you are fifteen minutes late, not that you forgot. Voice call takes four seconds. Your kid waits inside the school door instead of on the sidewalk.

The kid forgets something. Lunchbox on the counter. Homework on the desk. A kids smart watch won’t fix forgetfulness on its own. A voice call from you at 11 AM means your kid knows to buy lunch instead of staring at an empty desk.

Back to School Safety Tips: What the Watch Does and Doesn’t Do

A smartwatch is a safety net. The back to school safety tipsthat work treat the watch as a tool your kid uses, not a tool you use on your kid.

New adults get added before they’re needed. A new teacher, a new carpool parent, a new after-school director, add them to approved contacts during setup week, not the week your kid actually needs to reach one of them.

Walk through what SOS means, out loud, before day one. Kids forget rules over the summer the same way they forget locker combinations. Don’t assume last year’s explanation stuck. Five minutes at the kitchen table beats finding out your kid didn’t remember what the button does.

Re-check the geofence against the new schedule. A new pickup spot, a new bus stop, an after-school program that didn’t exist in July, the zones you set last year may not match this year’s actual routine.

Back to School Prep: The Final 48 Hours

Two days before school starts, run through this list for your myFirst Fone S4:

  • Charge the watch fully.
  • Confirm the $12 monthly plan is active.
  • Test a voice call from your kid to you and back.
  • Verify the geofence covers the school entrance, not just the building center.
  • Check that Class Mode is set for the right hours.
  • Put the charger somewhere your kid can reach, because week one will drain the battery faster than any other week.

The back to school prep that matters is the prep you do before the chaos starts. Once school begins, you are reacting. The watch is the one thing you set up in calm so it works in a storm.

If you’re still building your list, start with the backpack and shoes. Then add the watch. The lunchbox can wait until you know the cafeteria schedule. The watch can’t wait, because the transit gap exists on day one. 

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How Professional Carpet Cleaning Improves Indoor Air Quality

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Carpet Cleaning

Most people don’t think about their carpet when they think about air quality. Air quality feels like an outdoor issue, something tied to traffic or pollen counts, not the flooring underfoot. But carpets play a bigger role in what you breathe indoors than most homeowners realize, quietly holding onto dust, dander, and other particles long after they’ve settled out of the air. Scheduling San Antonio Carpet Cleaning on a regular basis is one of the more overlooked ways to keep that trapped material from becoming a daily source of irritation.

Understanding exactly how carpets interact with indoor air helps explain why cleaning frequency matters so much, and why a deep clean does more than just refresh the appearance of a room.

Carpets Act Like a Filter, for Better or Worse

Carpet fibers naturally trap particles that circulate through a home, including dust, pollen, pet dander, and fine debris tracked in from outside. In this sense, carpet functions a bit like a filter, pulling contaminants out of the air and holding onto them rather than letting them stay airborne. This is actually a helpful trait, as long as the trapped material gets removed regularly.

The problem arises when carpets go too long without a thorough cleaning. Once fibers reach their capacity, activity in the room, walking, vacuuming, even kids playing, stirs those particles back into the air. At that point, the carpet stops acting as a filter and starts contributing to the very air quality issues it was initially absorbing.

Why Indoor Air Can Be Worse Than Outdoor Air

It’s a common assumption that indoor spaces are naturally cleaner than the outdoors, but that isn’t always true. The Environmental Protection Agency has found that indoor air quality can be significantly more concentrated with pollutants than outdoor air, particularly in homes with limited ventilation and buildup in fabrics like carpeting and upholstery. This is especially relevant in tightly sealed, energy-efficient homes where airflow is more limited than in older construction.

Since carpets cover a large surface area in most homes, they end up playing an outsized role in this equation. A carpet that hasn’t been deep cleaned in over a year can hold a surprising volume of dust and allergens, all of which contribute to the overall pollutant load inside the home.

The Link Between Dust Mites and Respiratory Health

Dust mites are one of the most common indoor allergens, and carpet is one of their preferred environments. These microscopic organisms thrive in warm, slightly humid conditions and feed on shed skin cells that accumulate in fibers over time. Their waste particles, not the mites themselves, are what typically trigger allergic reactions and respiratory irritation.

For people with asthma or chronic allergies, elevated dust mite populations in carpet can mean more frequent flare-ups, particularly in bedrooms where carpet exposure happens for hours every night during sleep. Professional cleaning methods that use hot water extraction or specialized dry cleaning systems are generally more effective at reducing mite populations than routine vacuuming alone, since they reach deeper into the fiber structure.

How Professional Cleaning Removes What Vacuuming Misses

Household vacuums, even good ones, primarily address surface-level dirt. They’re effective at picking up loose debris but often leave behind finer particles embedded deeper in the carpet’s base, along with any built-up residue from previous cleaning products. Over time, this creates layers of trapped material that regular vacuuming simply can’t reach.

Professional equipment is designed to extract from deeper within the carpet structure, pulling out particles and residues that accumulate below the surface. This deeper extraction is a major reason professional cleaning has a more noticeable impact on indoor air quality compared to at-home maintenance alone, even when that maintenance is done consistently.

Moisture Control and Mold Prevention

One aspect of carpet cleaning that directly affects air quality is how well moisture is managed during the process. Carpets that stay damp for extended periods after cleaning, whether from spills or an overly wet cleaning method, create favorable conditions for mold and mildew to develop within the fibers or padding underneath.

Professional cleaners typically use techniques designed to minimize excess moisture and speed up drying time, which reduces the risk of mold taking hold. This matters because mold spores are a well-documented contributor to respiratory issues, and once mold establishes itself in carpet padding, it can be difficult to fully eliminate without replacing sections of the flooring.

Ventilation’s Role in Supporting Cleaner Air

Cleaning alone isn’t the whole picture. Ventilation plays an important supporting role in maintaining healthy indoor air, working alongside carpet maintenance rather than replacing it. Opening windows when weather allows, running exhaust fans, and ensuring HVAC filters are changed regularly all help move stagnant, particle-heavy air out of a space.

Homes that combine good ventilation habits with periodic professional carpet cleaning tend to report fewer issues with stuffy air, musty odors, or seasonal allergy flare-ups. The two approaches address different parts of the same problem, trapped particles and limited airflow, which is why relying on just one often produces incomplete results.

Practical Signs It’s Time for a Deep Clean

Visible dirt isn’t always the best indicator that a carpet needs attention. Musty odors, increased sneezing or itchy eyes when spending time in a particular room, or a general sense of stale air are often better signals that allergens have built up beyond what regular vacuuming can handle. Households with pets, young children, or family members with asthma typically benefit from cleaning on a more frequent schedule than those without.

If you’re unsure how often your specific situation calls for a deep clean, this resource on cleaning frequency by household type breaks down recommendations based on factors like pet ownership, foot traffic, and allergy sensitivity. Matching cleaning frequency to your household’s actual needs tends to produce better results than following a generic, one-size-fits-all schedule.

Building a Long-Term Air Quality Strategy

Improving indoor air quality isn’t a one-time fix. It works best as an ongoing combination of habits, regular vacuuming between deep cleans, prompt attention to spills, good ventilation, and periodic professional service for the deeper extraction that home equipment can’t fully replicate. Each of these pieces addresses a different part of how particles accumulate and circulate indoors.

Households that treat carpet care as part of a broader air quality strategy, rather than an isolated task, tend to notice fewer allergy symptoms and a more comfortable living environment overall. This is particularly true during seasons when windows stay closed for extended periods, trapping whatever pollutants are already present indoors.

Final Thoughts

Carpets do more than add comfort to a room. It quietly shapes the quality of the air a household breathes every day, for better or worse depending on how well it’s maintained. Professional cleaning reaches particles and allergens that everyday vacuuming can’t access, reducing dust mite populations, preventing mold growth, and supporting a healthier indoor environment overall. Paired with good ventilation habits, a consistent cleaning routine is one of the more effective, low-effort ways to protect both a home’s air quality and the health of the people living in it.

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Jade Pendant vs Jade Bracelet: Which Is the Safer First Purchase?

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Jade Bracelet

Most people buying their first piece of jade are choosing between a pendant and a bracelet, and most of them choose the bracelet — usually a solid bangle, because it’s the form with the most tradition attached and the one that appears in every article about jade.

It is also the riskiest object in the category to buy without experience.

That’s not an argument against bangles. It’s an argument about sequence. Here is how the two formats compare on the five things that actually determine whether a first purchase works out.

1. Sizing risk

Pendant: essentially none. A pendant fits anybody. There is no measurement to take, no conversion to get wrong, and on an adjustable cord even the length is decided after it arrives. The only size decision is how large you want the piece to be, and that is an aesthetic choice rather than a fit constraint.

Bracelet: this is where most first purchases fail. A solid bangle is sized over the compressed hand, not around the wrist — it has to clear the knuckles going on — and the usable window is a millimetre or two wide. Too small and it will not go on at all. Too large and it slides and catches on things.

Crucially, a solid bangle cannot be resized. Not by any jeweller, at any price. Stone cannot be cut and rejoined or stretched, and grinding the inside to enlarge it thins a section that is already carrying load. The inner diameter it was carved to is permanent.

Beaded strands and cord bracelets are much more forgiving — they fit a range rather than a number — so the sizing gap is really between pendants and solid bangles specifically. But solid bangles are what most people mean when they say jade bracelet.

Verdict: pendant, by a wide margin.

2. Breakage

Pendant: low exposure. A pendant hangs on the chest, protected by clothing, moving with the body rather than against fixed objects. It can be dropped while being put on or taken off — which is a real risk on a tiled bathroom floor — but during normal wear it doesn’t collide with anything.

Bangle: the highest exposure of any jade format. A solid bangle is a thin, curved, rigid ring of brittle material worn on the part of the body that hits things most. When it strikes a door frame or a stone worktop, the entire force concentrates on a small contact area of a section resisting in bending, and stone is far weaker in tension than in compression.

Jade is exceptionally tough — its interlocking crystal structure resists cracks better than nearly any other gem material, which is exactly why it can be carved this thin. But toughness is resistance to fracture energy. It doesn’t help when stress concentrates onto a millimetre of contact, and this is how most bangles are lost, almost always during something completely ordinary.

Verdict: pendant.

3. What your money buys

This is the difference most people don’t know about, and it’s substantial.

A bangle requires a continuous, flaw-free ring of stone cut from a single block. The carver has to find, inside one piece of rough, a complete circle with no fractures crossing it and reasonably consistent colour all the way round — then hollow out and discard the entire centre. It’s the lowest-yield form in the whole category. A block that produces one good bangle could produce a great many pendants.

A pendant uses material efficiently. There is no hollow centre to waste, no requirement for the colour to hold all the way round a circle, and a carver can work with the stone’s natural colour zones rather than needing uniformity.

The consequence is direct: for the same budget, a pendant buys distinctly better material than a bangle. Higher translucency, better colour, finer texture. If the goal is to own something genuinely good rather than something large, this trade matters more than almost anything else on this list.

Verdict: pendant.

4. Living with it

Pendant: comes on and off in seconds, is invisible under a shirt, survives typing, cooking, driving and carrying shopping without any thought. The main maintenance item is the cord, which is a consumable — it degrades from sweat, sunscreen and body oil and should be replaced on a schedule rather than after it breaks.

Bangle: the appeal is precisely that it stays on and stops being a daily decision, which is genuinely part of the tradition. The cost is that it’s present for everything, including the moments it shouldn’t be, and it’s the piece most likely to be forgotten about right up until it meets a worktop.

This one is closer than the others, because the bangle’s drawback is inseparable from its appeal. If you want an object that becomes part of daily life rather than an accessory, that’s a real thing a pendant can’t offer in the same way.

Verdict: pendant on practicality, bangle if continuous wear is what you’re after.

5. As a gift

Not close.

A pendant needs no size information, works for any age or gender, and carries no relationship-specific implication in most contexts. A bangle requires a hand measurement you probably can’t obtain without spoiling the surprise, cannot be exchanged for a different size, and — if it doesn’t fit — leaves the recipient with an unwearable object they’ll thank you for warmly and never wear.

The motif also does more work on a pendant, which makes it the better vehicle for a gift with intent. Chinese carved motifs are specific rather than decorative, and a great many operate as rebuses: the image stands in for a word that sounds like another word, so the meaning isn’t recoverable by looking. A reference for jade pendant meanings covers what the common carvings actually encode, and choosing on that basis is what turns a gift into a considered one.

Verdict: pendant, decisively.

What each one signals

Worth noting, because the formats aren’t culturally interchangeable.

The solid bangle carries the most tradition of any jade form. It’s associated with continuous wear, with gifting between generations — a mother-in-law to a daughter-in-law at a wedding being the classic case — and with inheritance. Its permanence is the point. There’s a catch built into that: because it can’t be resized, it can only pass to someone whose hand it happens to fit, which makes inheritance partly a matter of anatomy.

The pendant is the more flexible form. Worn across ages and genders, given at births, graduations and departures, and easily passed on because it fits whoever receives it. It’s also the format where the carving does the communicating, so it can be chosen to say something specific in a way a plain bangle can’t.

So: which, and in what order

Buy a pendant first if it’s your first jade purchase, you’re buying online, you want the best material your budget allows, you’re buying as a gift, or you’re not yet confident about assessing quality. It removes every failure mode except choosing a carving you don’t like.

Buy a bangle first if you can confirm the sizing — ideally by measuring one that already fits — you specifically want the continuous-wear tradition, and you’re treating the breakage risk as a real annual probability rather than a theoretical one.

And the general sequence worth considering: pendant first, bangle second. A first purchase teaches you what you actually like — how much translucency you want, whether you prefer green or lavender or white, what scale suits you — and it teaches you that on the format where a mistake costs the least. A bangle is a better second purchase than a first one.

If you go the pendant route, the remaining decision is the carving, and it’s the one worth spending time on. Motif choice on chinese jade pendants is a specific vocabulary rather than a matter of taste — the fish, the gourd, the lotus and the plain pierced disc are each saying something particular, and the difference between a piece that gets worn and one that doesn’t is usually whether it meant anything to the person wearing it.

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